Water Resistance Guide

Your Guide to Water Resistance

Is my watch waterproof or water resistant and what are case ratings? With this guide we aim to answer all your questions.

There are a number of important points to cover before considering the specifics of the various case ratings;
The rating on the case, if given in metres is not indicative of how deep you can take the watch, it is instead a measure of the pressures generated when moving the watch through water that is already under pressure.

No matter what rating is on the case, you are not recommended to wear your watch in the shower, spa or hot pools as the combination of heat and chemicals involved are damaging to the gaskets (seals) fitted to your watch.

When fitting a new cell in a water-resistant case, we recommend a pressure test is undertaken to ensure the seals are in good order and properly seated within the case. It should be noted that seals can and do fail at any given time and the pressure test is only indicative of the condition of the seals at the time of testing. To maintain the integrity of a watch’s water resistance we recommend replacing all seals every 2 - 3 years. But every 12 months if you use your watch in water on a regular basis.

Sudden temperature changes can affect all watches. Some fogging is acceptable in this instance, but if the moisture persists, this would indicate a problem with one or more seals. Urgent action is needed to avoid damage to the movement.

“Drying” a wet watch in the hot water cupboard will not remove water from the watch, merely evaporate it to re-condense when the watch cools. The heat involved may also cause damage to the movement. Under no circumstances should you use a hair-dryer, oven or microwave to dry your watch! You will almost certainly damage the watch movement and seals, and possibly distort the watch case.

If the crown (winder) is not closed against the case after altering the date or time, the watch is no longer a sealed unit. This also applies to operating the pushers (buttons) when the watch is immersed.

Water resistance depends entirely on good conditions of the crown (winder), pushers (buttons), glass, seals and case, all of which are liable to wear and tear or distortion over time.

Water Resistant or Waterproof?

A watch rated as Water Resistant may come in contact with water to a predetermined extent. Most watches are classified by the degree until which depth of immersion is safe. It is important to remember that a water-resistant rating is based upon optimum conditions in a laboratory. Real life experience & aging of the gaskets will effectively decrease the manufacturer's specifications of water resistance over time. Water coming in contact with the movement is the worst scenario that can happen to a watch. Thus, we strongly suggest that you always work well within the parameters of the manufacturer's recommendations and have your watch tested at least once a year. Any competent watchmaker has the necessary equipment to test water resistance.
 
Water resistance on a watch is obtained by 3 important factors:
  1. Case Back: This refers to how the case back is attached to the watch. Snap-on case backs are sealed by pressure and are considered the least water resistant. The slightest nick in a case or deformity in a gasket (which will happen over time) will allow water to penetrate the case. Generally, these watches will have a water resistance of 30m/99ft maximum - which allows for contact with water but not immersion.
    Case-backs attached with screws would be the second level of water resistance. Having the case back attached with screws allows for a much tighter seal than a snap-on case back, however a deformity in the gasket will still allow water to penetrate. Generally, these watches will have a water resistance of 100m/330ft maximum - which allows for light swimming and immersion in a pool.
    Screw-in case backs are threaded and screwed into the actual case. This creates a double seal, using both the threading and the gasket as a seal. Generally, (although not as a rule) diving watches with water resistant ratings greater than 100m/330ft will have this type of case back.
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  3. Crown: The single most important factor to ensuring water resistance. The weakest link in a watch for water to penetrate is the crown-stem hole. The stem of the crown is attached to the movement through a hole in the case edge. As the crown is constantly moved to different positions, wound and turned to correct the time, the gasket is constantly compressed, chafed & stressed. The slightest variation in the shape of the gasket or if the crown is not pushed all the way in will allow water to penetrate the watch through the stem hole.
    Screw-Down Crowns are threaded & screw shut to a matching threaded tube in the case. The crown has a gasket that is compressed & seals the opening when the crown is tightened - thus ensuring water resistance. A screw-down crown is an essential feature for any watch you intend on swimming with. We do not recommend swimming with a watch that does not have a screw-down crown. However, even if the watch has screw-down crown & chronograph pushers, the crown & pushers are never to be pushed, adjusted or opened when the watch is immersed in water - unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer. An additional benefit of the screw-down crown is that the crown is somewhat more protected from accidental knocks.
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  5. Gaskets: Also known as "O" rings, are made of rubber, nylon or Teflon which form watertight seals at the joints where the crystal, case back and crown meet the watch case. If the watch is a chronograph, the chronograph pushers will also have gaskets.
    Gaskets begin to erode and break down over time, diminishing the water resistance of a watch. It is important to test your watch once a year for water resistance. Any competent watch maker should have the necessary basic equipment to test the watch - the cost involved should be minimal.

Real Life Applications and Water Resistance

When a watch is tested by the manufacturer it is done in a laboratory under optimum conditions, such as a fresh gasket, sitting stationary in a pressured water tank and with still/motionless water. However, real life action will produce completely different results. Here are a few scenarios:
  1. Sudden and rapid changes in pressure - such as diving (even shallow diving) into a pool, the force of plunging your arm into the water while swimming, will stress the gaskets for a fraction of a second. If the gaskets are not up to specification they may rupture and cause the watch to take in water.
  2. As the watch ages the seals begin to erode and will not maintain the same water resistance levels.

Water Resistance vs. Water-Proof

The U.S. FTC (Federal Trade Commission) which enforces the truth-of-advertising has deemed the term "Waterproof" inappropriate. In their opinion, a watch can never be 100% truly impervious to water, as the gaskets deteriorate over time and exposure, thus reducing the specified depth of water resistance. In the words of the FTC "The word proof connotes a measure of absolute protection that unfortunately does not exist with respect to watches, especially over prolonged periods of time." The FTC has found the term Water Resistant to be more appropriate.

ATM or BAR

ATM is short for "Atmosphere" which is equal to 10 meters. Another word for ATM which is commonly used in Europe is BAR - this too is equal to 10 meters.

Water Resistance Testing Methods

There are 2 commonly used water-resistance testing methods:
  1. Dry Test: The watch is placed in a chamber and the air-pressure is increased. The machine detects the smallest variation in the case size. If the case expands, even slightly, then the watch is not water resistant.
  2. Wet Test: the watch is placed in a chamber which is half filled with water and half air. Air pressure is increased while the watch is out of the water, then the watch is slowly immersed into the water. Once the watch is completely immersed, the air pressure is slowly released. If bubbles come out of the watch it means that air seeped into the watch prior to immersion AND the watch is not water resistant. This method is generally used as a second test to pin-point the problem area.

Helium Escape Valve

The Helium Escape/Relief Valve is used only in extreme deep diving expeditions when a diver operates from a diving bell. As the bell is lowered pressure begins to increases and helium is added to the breathing mix. The helium is added to remove toxic air created by the extreme depth.

Helium is one of the smallest molecules and will seep into the watch through the seals until the air pressure in the watch equals the air pressure in the diving bell. As the diving bell surfaces and decompresses, the helium needs to escape from the watch at the same speed as the decompression - otherwise the pressure in the watch will pop the crystal off. To avoid that, Omega developed the helium escape valve which allows the helium to escape faster than it seeps in. Many brands use the escape valve in one design or another. Generally, the escape valve can be found on watches which have a water resistance rating of 300m or greater.

The helium escape valve never needs to be used in regular scuba diving unless diving in a controlled environment as described above.

Interpretation of the Depth Ratings

Although a watch may be rated 30m/99ft water resistant, it does NOT mean that the watch can be immersed to that depth. The depth rating posted by the manufacturer is theoretical in nature and can only be achieved in a perfectly optimum environment of a laboratory - which is impossible to replicate in real life.


Obviously, the higher the rating, the more appropriate the watch is for deeper diving.

IMPORTANT: We strongly recommend purchasing a watch with a screw-down crown if you intend on wearing the watch while you are in contact with water.

Our Recommendations

  • Have your watch water-tested once a year.
  • Do not shower or swim with your watch unless it is rated 100m/330ft and has a screw-down crown.
  • Never open, wind or operate the crown while in water.
  • Never press the buttons of a chronograph watch while in water, unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer.
  • Do not subject your watch to extreme temperature changes.
  • Do not subject your watch to sudden and rapid air-pressure changes.
  • Do not allow your watch to come in contact with corrosive chemicals, such as abrasive soaps and highly chlorinated water.
  • Ensure that the crown is always pushed in, and if you have a screw-down crown, make sure it is always tightened. Double-check before immersing in water.